Character Development among Youth of Color from Low-SES Backgrounds: An Examination of Boy Scouts of America’s ScoutReach Program
Abstract
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adams-Bass, V.N., Stevenson, H.C., & Kotzin, D.S. (2014). Measuring the meaning of black media stereotypes and their relationship to the racial identity, black history knowledge, and racial socialization of African American youth. Journal of Black Studies, 45(5), 367-395.
Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Blumenfeld, W.J. (2013). Boy Scouts of America: The good, the bad and the (still) highly discriminatory. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/warren-j-blumenfeld/boy-scouts-of-america-the_b_3382827.html
Cabrera, N.J. (2013). Society for Research in Child Development Social Policy Report: Positive development of minority children. Sharing Child and Youth Development Knowledge, 27(2), 1-30.
Callina, K.S., Mueller, M.K., Buckingham, M.H., & Gutierrez, A.K. (2015). Building hope for positive youth development: Research, practice, and policy. In E.P. Bowers, G.J. Geldhof, S.K. Johnson, L.J. Hilliard, R.M. Hershberg, J.V. Lerner, & R.M. Lerner, Promoting Positive Youth Development: Lessons Learned from the 4-H Study. (pp. 71-94). New York, NY: Springer.
Creswell, J.W., & Plano-Clark, V. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Dawes, N.P., & Larson, R. (2011). How youth get engaged: Grounded-theory research on motivational development in organized youth programs. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 259-269.
Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1-43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Fredricks, J.A., & Simpkins, S.D. (2012). Supporting ethnic minority youth during the after school hours: The potential of organized activity participation. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 280 – 287.
Gwet, K.L. (2014). Handbook of inter-rater reliability: The definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters. Gaithersburg, MD: Advanced Analytics, LLC.
Harris Interactive (2005). Values of Americans: A study of ethics and character. Irving, TX: Boy Scouts of America National Office.
Hershberg, R.M., Chase, P.A., Champine, R.B., Hilliard, L.J., Wang, J., & Lerner, R.M. (in press). “You can quit me but I’m not going to quit you”: A focus group study of leaders’ perceptions of their positive influences on youth in Boy Scouts of America. Journal of Youth Development, 10(2), 5-30.
Hilliard, L.J., Hershberg, R.M., Wang, J., Bowers, E.P., Chase P.A., Champine, R.B., Buckingham, M.H., Warren, D.J.A., Ferris, K.A., & Lerner, R.M. (2014). Beginning a life path of honor and duty: Assessing youth character development in cub scouts. Journal of Youth Development, 9(4), 4-46.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Hurd, N.M., & Sellers, R.M. (2013). Black adolescents' relationships with natural mentors: Associations with academic engagement via social and emotional development. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(1), 76.
Jang, S.J., Johnson, B.R., & Kim, Y. (2012). Eagle Scouts: Merit beyond the badge. Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University. Retrieved from http://www.baylorisr.org/wp- content/uploads/Boy-Scouts-Report.pdf.
Johnson, S.K., Hershberg, R.M., Arbeit, M.R., DeSouza, L.M., Callina, K.S., Gutierrez, A.S., Warren, D.J.A., Harris, E.M., Rubin, R.O., Lerner, J.V., & Lerner, R.M. (2015). Exploring characteristics of young adult men: Initial findings from a mixed methods evaluation of an all-male, character-focused trade school. Journal of Character Education, 10(2), 129-154.
Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Leman, P.J., & Lam, V.L. (2008). The influence of race and gender on children’s conversations and playmate choices. Child Development, 79(5), 1329-1343.
Lerner, R.M., & Callina, K.S. (2014). Relational developmental systems theories and the ecological validity of experimental designs. Human Development, 56(6), 372-380.
Lerner, R.M., Lerner, J.V., Bowers, E., & Geldhof, G.J. (2015).Positive youth development and relational developmental systems. In W.F. Overton & P.C. Molenaar (Eds.), Theory and Method. Volume 1 of the Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (7th ed.). (pp. 607-651). Editor-in-chief: R.M. Lerner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Margie, N.G., Killen, M., Sinno, S., & McGlothlin, H. (2005). Minority children’s intergroup attitudes about peer relationships. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23, 251-269.
Molenaar, P.C.M., & Nesselroade, J.R. (2015). Systems methods for developmental research. In W.F. Overton & P.C.M. Molenaar (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Volume 1: Theory and Method (7th ed., pp. 652-682). Editor-in-chief: R.M. Lerner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Overton, W.F. (2015). Process and relational developmental systems. In W.F. Overton & P.C. Molenaar (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. Vol. 1: Theory and method (7th ed., pp. 9–62). Editor-in-chief: R.M. Lerner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Pedersen, S., & Seidman, E. (2005). Contexts and correlates of out-of-school activity participation among low-income urban adolescents. In J.L. Mahoney, R.W. Larson, & J.S. Eccles (Eds.), Organized activities as contexts of development: Extracurricular activities, after-school and community programs (pp. 85-109). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Polson, E.C., Kim, Y.I., Jang, S.J., Johnson, B.R., & Smith, B. (2013). Being prepared and staying connected: Scouting’s influence on social capital and community involvement. Social Science Quarterly, 94, 758-776.
Richardson, J.B., Brakle, M., & St Vil, C. (2014). Taking boys out of the hood: Exile as a parenting strategy for African American male youth. In K. Roy & N. Jones (Eds.), Pathways to adulthood for disconnected young men in low-income communities. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 143, 11-31.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (1999). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Technical Report. University of California, Los Angeles.
Simpkins, S.D., Vest, A.E., & Price, C.D. (2011). Intergenerational continuity and discontinuity in Mexican-origin youths’ participation in organized activities: Insights from mixed methods. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 814-824.
Swanson, D.P., Spencer, M.B., Harpalani, V., Dupree, D., Noll, E., Ginzburg, S., & Seaton, G. (2003). Psychosocial development in racially and ethnically diverse youth: Conceptual and methodological challenges in the 21st century. Development and Psychopathology, 15(3), 743-771.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2008). Quality of inferences in mixed methods research: Calling for an integrative framework. Advances in mixed methods research, 101-119.
Vandell, D.L., Larson, R.W., Mahoney, J.L., & Watts, T.W. (2015). Children’s organized activities. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, 4(8), 1-40.
Wang, J., Ferris, K.A., Hershberg, R.M., & Lerner, R.M. (2015a). Developmental trajectories of youth character: A five-wave longitudinal study of Cub Scouts and non-Scout boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, DOI 10.1007/s10964-015-0340-y.
Wang, J., Hilliard, L.J., Hershberg, R.M., Bowers, E.P., Chase, P.A., Champine, R.B., Buckingham, M.H., Braun, D.A., Gelgoot, E.S., & Lerner, R.M. (2015b). Character in childhood and early adolescence: Models and measurement. Journal of Moral Education, 44(2), 165-197.
Wothke, W. (2000). Longitudinal and multi-group modeling with missing data. In T.D. Little, K.U. Schnabel, & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multiple group data: Practical issues, applied approaches and specific examples (pp. 219-240, 269-281). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
Zimbardo, P.G., & Duncan, N. (2012). The demise of guys: Why boys are struggling and what we can do about it. New York, NY: TED Conferences, LLC.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2015.6
Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Youth Development

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.