Positive Youth Development in Senegal: A Case Study of 4-H Senegal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2021.1054Keywords:
international positive youth development, Africa, Senegal, 4-HAbstract
African youth face great challenges and great opportunities. Positive youth development (PYD) programs have the potential to support youth in Africa to reach their full potential. Yet PYD approaches must be tailored if they are to be contextually and culturally responsive and relevant. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evidence-informed description of one such program, the 4-H Senegal PYD program. We first provide a conceptual background for the program, informed especially by the literature on global and cross-cultural PYD. We then share empirical results of a qualitative case study focused on the establishment, scale-up, and institutionalization of the 4-H Senegal program. Our case study results elucidate culturally responsive PYD program adaptations that corroborate conceptual framings of cross-cultural PYD work while also pointing the way towards promising practice recommendations. We hope this conceptual and empirical summary of the 4-H Senegal program can contribute to the field by informing practice and guiding other innovative efforts to adapt PYD models and approaches across contextual and cultural bounds.
References
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie. (2016). Senegal in brief. http://www.ansd.sn/
Agence Nationale pour la Promotion de L’Emploi des Jeunes. (2016). Youth employment status (Presentation). Senegal.
Alvarado, G., Skinner, M., Plaut, D., Moss, C., Kapungu, C., and Reavley, N. (2017). A systematic review of positive youth development programs in low-and middle-income countries. YouthPower Learning, Making Cents International. https://www.youthpower.org/sites/default/files/YouthPower/files/resources/SystematicReview%20FINAL%209-26-17%20compress.pdf
Arnold, M. E., & Gagnon, R. J. (2020). Positive youth development theory in practice: An update on the 4-H Thriving Model. Journal of Youth Development, 15(6), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.954
Arnold, M. E., & Silliman, B. (2017). From theory to practice: A critical review of positive youth development program frameworks. Journal of Youth Development, 12(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2017.17
Brinkerhoff, R. O. (2003). The success case method: Find out quickly what’s working and what’s not. Berrett-Koehler.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2009). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1979)
Catalano, R. F., Skinner, M. L., Alvarado, G., Kapungu, C., Reavley, N., Patton, G. C., Jessee, C., Plaut, D., Moss, C., Bennett, K., Sawyer, S. M., Sebany, M., Sexton, M., Olenik, C., & Petroni, S. (2019). Positive youth development programs in low-and middle-income countries: A conceptual framework and systematic review of efficacy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.024
Damon, W., & Gregory, A. (2002). Bringing in a new era in the field of youth development. In R. Lerner, F. Jacobs, and D. Wertlieb (Eds.), Handbook of applied developmental science (Vol. 1, pp. 407-420). Wiley.
Dimitrova, R. (Ed.) (2017). Well-being of youth and emerging adults across cultures: Novel approaches and findings from Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Springer.
Drescher, C. F., Johnson, L. R., Kurz, A. S., Scales, P. C., & Kiliho, R. P. (2018). A developmental assets approach in East Africa: Can Swahili measures capture adolescent strengths and supports?. Child & Youth Care Forum, 47(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9415-0
Duerden, M. D., Witt, P. A., Fernandez, M., Bryant, M. J., & Theriault, D. (2012). Measuring life skills: Standardizing the assessment of youth development indicators. Journal of youth development, 7(1), 99-117. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2012.155
Durham, D. (2004). Disappearing youth: Youth as a social shifter in Botswana. American Ethnologist, 31(4), 589-605.
Eccles, J. S., & Gootman, J. (Eds.) (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. National Academy Press.
Falola, T. (2004). Teen life in Africa. Greenwood Press.
-H. (n.d.). About 4-H. https://4-h.org/about/what-is-4-h/
Fox, L., & Kaul, U. (2017). The evidence is in: How should youth employment programs in low-income countries be designed? (English; Policy Research working paper no. WPS 8500). World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/837861530219586540/The-evidence-is-in-how-should-youth-employment-programs-in-low-income-countries-be-designed
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. (M. B. Ramos, trans.). Continuum.
Geldhof, G. J., Bowers, E. P., Mueller, M. K., Napolitano, C. M., Callina, K. S., Walsh, K. J., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2015). The five Cs model of positive youth development. In E. P. Bowers, G. J. Geldhof, S. K. Johnson, L. J. Hilliard, R. M. Hershberg, J. V. Lerner, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.) Promoting positive youth development (pp. 161-186). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17166-1_9
Hamilton S. F., Hamilton M. A., & Pittman K. (2004). Principles for youth development. In S. F. Hamilton & M. A. Hamilton (Eds.), The youth development handbook: Coming of age in American communities (3-22). Sage.
Hamilton, S. F., & Hamilton M. A. (Eds.). (2004). The handbook of youth development: Coming of age in American communities. Sage.
Hansen, K. T. (2008) Youth and the city in the global south. Indiana University Press.
Hendricks, P. (1998). Targeting life skills model. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/4H/lifeskills/
Hinson, L., Kapungu, C., Jessee, C., Skinner, M., Bardini, M., & Evans-Whipp, T. (2016). Measuring positive youth development toolkit: A guide for implementers of youth programs. YouthPower Learning, Making Cents International. https://www.youthpower.org/sites/default/files/YouthPower/resources/PYD%20Measurement%20Toolkit%20Final.pdf
Homan, D. (2017). Competencies and training needs of adult 4-H club leaders to facilitate positive youth development in Ghana, Africa. [Master’s thesis, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492672937515349
Hutchinson, F. (2002). Cultural mapping and our children's futures: Decolonizing ways of learning and research. In J. Gidley & S. Inayatullah (Eds.) Youth futures: Comparative research and transformative visions (pp. 53-65). Praeger.
Jelicic, H., Bobek, D. L., Phelps, E., Lerner, R. M., & Lerner, J. V. (2007). Using positive youth development to predict contribution and risk behaviors in early adolescence: Findings from the first two waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(3), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407076439
Koller, S. H., & Verma, S. (2017). Commentary on cross‐cultural perspectives on positive youth development with implications for intervention research. Child Development, 88(4), 1178-1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12873
Kress, C. (2004). The essential elements of 4-H Youth Development: Distillation to four elements. CSREES/USDA.
Leman, P. J., Smith, E. P., & Petersen, A. C. (2017). Introduction to the special section of Child Development on positive youth development in diverse and global contexts. Child Development, 88(4), 1039-1044. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12860
Lerner R. M. et al. (2017). Positive youth development among minority youth: A relational developmental systems model. In N. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth. Springer.
Lerner, R. M., & Benson, P. L., (2003). Developmental assets and asset-building communities: Implications for research, policy, and practice (1st ed.). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0091-9
Lerner, R. M., & Overton, W. F. (2008). Exemplifying the integrations of the relational developmental system: Synthesizing theory, research, and application to promote positive development and social justice. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558408314385
Lerner, R. M., Tirrell, J. M., Dowling, E. M., Geldhof, G. J., Gestsdóttir, S., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Williams, K., Iraheta, G., & Sim, A. T. (2019). The end of the beginning: Evidence and absences studying positive youth development in a global context. Adolescent Research Review, 4(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-018-0093-4
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 30, 73-84. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ev.1427
Lo-oh, J. L. (2017). Positive development in Africa. In L. M. Padilla-Walker & L. J. Nelson (Eds.), Flourishing in emerging adulthood: Positive development during the third decade of life. Oxford University Press.
McCabe, M. (2017, June). Mainstreaming positive youth development for improved outcomes in ag training and education. Symposium conducted at the Innovate: AET Symposium, Washington, DC.
Nsamenang, A. B. (2002). Adolescence in sub-Saharan Africa: An image constructed from Africa's triple inheritance. In B. Brown, R. Larson, & T. Saraswathi (Eds.), The world's youth: Adolescence in eight regions of the globe (pp. 61-105). Cambridge University Press.
Nsamenang, A. B. (2015). Ecocultural theories of development. International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), 6, 838-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23205-4
Nugent, R. (2005). Youth in a global world. Population Reference Bureau.
Petersen, A. C., Koller, S. H., Motti-Stefanidi, F., & Verma, S. (Eds.). (2016). Positive youth development in global contexts of social and economic change. Taylor & Francis.
Pittman, K., Irby, M., & Ferber, T. (2000). Unfinished business: Further reflections on a decade of promoting youth development. Youth Development: Issues, Challenges, and Directions (pp. 17-64). Public/Private Ventures.
Plan Senegal Emergent. (2014). Republique du Senegal. https://www.sec.gouv.sn/sites/default/files/Plan%20Senegal%20Emergent_0.pdf
Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). What exactly is a youth development program? Answers from research and practice. Applied Developmental Science, 7(2), 94-111. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0702_6
Sanson A. V., Wachs T. D., Koller S. H., & Salmela-Aro K. (2018). Young people and climate change: The role of developmental science. In S. Verma & A. Petersen (Eds.), Developmental science and sustainable development goals for children and youth. Social Indicators Research Series (Vol. 74). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96592-5_6
Scales, P. C., Benson, P. L., Leffert, N., & Blyth, D. A. (2000). Contribution of developmental assets to the prediction of thriving among adolescents. Applied Developmental Science, 4, 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0401_3
Scales, P. C., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Shramko, M. (2017). Aligning youth development theory, measurement, and practice across cultures and contexts: Lessons from use of the Developmental Assets Profile. Child Indicators Research, 10(4), 1145-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9395-x
Sfard, A. (1998). On two metaphors for learning and the danger of choosing just one. Educational Researcher, 27(2), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X027002004
Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
Tirrell, J. M., Dowling, E. M., Gansert, P., Buckingham, M., Wong, C. A., Suzuki, S., Naliaka, C., Kibbedi, P., Namurinda, E., Williams, K., Geldhof, G. J., Lerner, J. V., King, P. E., Sim, A. T. R., & Lerner, R. M. (2019). Toward a measure for assessing features of effective youth development programs: Contextual safety and the “big three” components of positive youth development programs in Rwanda. Child & Youth Care Forum, 49, 201-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09524-6
U.S. Agency for International Development. (2012). Youth in development policy: Realizing the demographic opportunity. Author.
U.S. Agency for International Development. (2017). Feed the future Senegal cultivating nutrition (RFA-685-17-000007). Author.
United Nations. (2007). World youth report: Young people's transitions to adulthood: Progress and challenges. Author.
Waldie, K., & Mulhall, A. (2002). Youth and rural livelihoods briefing paper 2: Kenya and Tanzania, IRDD. http://www.youthlivelihoods.info/resources.htm
Wallace, L. (2019). The urgency of securing employment for youth in Africa. In Harnessing Africa’s youth dividend: A new approach for large-scale job creation. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/BLS18234_BRO_book_007_CH3.pdf
Wiium, N., & Dimitrova, R. (2019). Positive youth development across cultures: Introduction to the special issue. Child Youth Care Forum, 48, 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09488-7
Zeitlin, M., Ghassemi, H., & Mansour, M. (1990). Positive deviance in child nutrition: With emphasis on psychosocial and behavioral aspects and implications for development. The United Nations University.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.