More Than Self-Management: Positive Youth Development at an Inclusive Type 1 Diabetic Camp

Authors

  • Theresa Beesley McGill University Faculty of Medicine http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-2358
  • Michael C. Riddell York University School of Kinesiology and Health Science
  • Jessica Fraser-Thomas York University School of Kinesiology and Health Science

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2018.644

Keywords:

positive youth development, type 1 diabetes mellitus, sport camp, youth chronic disease

Abstract

Diabetes-focused camps emerged as a way to provide ongoing diabetes self-management education to youth and their families in a physically active context. Past research suggests participation at camp can enhance youths’ glycemic control and glucose monitoring abilities; however, recent studies claim camps can also offer psychological and social benefits. Drawing upon a positive youth development (PYD) approach, the current study examined an inclusive diabetic-focused youth sport camp to (a) identify life skills developed, and (b) explain processes and factors involved in youths’ development of life skills. Focus groups were conducted with 54 youth living with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) attending an inclusive T1DM sport camp. The model of PYD through sport (Holt et al., 2017) guided the analysis. PYD outcomes (i.e., life skills developed through the camp) were (a) enhanced self-efficacy for self-monitoring of blood glucose, (b) enhanced self-efficacy for sport while living with T1DM, and (c) development of positive relationships. These outcomes were facilitated through the camp’s inclusive approach (i.e., including youth living with and without T1DM), and a PYD climate (implicitly), which included supportive relationships with counsellors and peers, and interestingly, the lack of parental involvement at the camp. The camp’s explicit life skills program focus (i.e., on diabetes self-care skills) also facilitated these outcomes. This study gives camp professionals insight into how an inclusive T1DM sport camp can facilitate life skills, and optimize PYD.

References

Beesley, T., Fraser-Thomas, J. & Riddell, M. (2013). S’more than just a camp: Exploring the psychosocial skills development of youth attending a type 1 diabetes sports camp. Paper presented at the 2008 North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity Conference, Niagara Falls, Canada. Abstract retrieved from https://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/pdf/10.1123/jsep.35.s1.s75

Bialeschki, M. D., Henderson, K. A., & James, P. A. (2007). Camp experiences and developmentaloutcomes for youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16(4), 769-788. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.05.011

Bultas, M. W., Schmuke, A. D., Moran, V., & Taylor, J. (2015). Psychosocial outcomes of participating in pediatric diabetes camp. Public Health Nursing, 33(4), 295-302. doi:10.1111/phn.12218

Camiré, M., Forneris, T., Trudel, P., & Bernard, D. (2011). Strategies for helping coaches facilitate positive youth development through sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(2), 92-99. doi:10.1080/21520704.2011.584246

Corbin, R. N., & Strauss, A. (1988). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3-21. doi:10.1007/BF00988593

Delamater, A. M., de Wit, M., McDarby, V., Malik, J., & Acerini, C. L. (2014). Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 15, 232–244. doi:10.1111/pedi.12191

De Loach, S. (2009). A pilot study to stabilize normoglycemia during an educational camp for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Insulin, 4(3), 158-168. doi:10.1016/S1557-0843(09)80030-4

Drotar, D. (1997). Relating parent and family functioning to the psychological adjustment of children with chronic health conditions: What have we learned? What do we need to know? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(2), 149-165.

Edmunds, S., Roche, D. M., Stratton, G., Wallymahmed, A. K., & Glenn, S. M. (2007). Physical activity and psychological well-being in children with type 1 diabetes. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 12(3), 353-363.

Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10, 19-40. doi:10.1080/1740898042000334890

Fraser-Thomas, J. L., & Côté, J. (2009). Understanding adolescents’ positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 3-23. doi:10.1123/tsp.23.1.3

García Bengoechea, E. (2002). Integrating knowledge and expanding horizons in developmental sport psychology: A’bioecological perspective. Quest, 54(1), 1-20.

Goodwin, D. L., & Watkinson, E. J. (2000). Inclusive physical education from the perspective of students with physical disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 17(2), 144-160. doi:10.1123/apaq.17.2.144

Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 58-78. doi:10.1080/17509840701834573

Guthrie, D. W., Bartsocas, C., Jarosz-Chabot P., & Konstantinova, M. (2003). Psychosocial issues for children and adolescents with diabetes: Overview and recommendations. Diabetes Spectrum, 16(1), 7-12. doi:10.2337/diaspect.16.1.7

Hanas, R. (2010). Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents. London, UK: Class Publishing, Barb House, Barb Mews.

Holt, N. L., Neely, K. C., Slater, L. G., Camiré, M., Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., MacDonald, D., Strachan, L., & Tamminen, K. A. (2017). A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 1-49. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2016.1180704

Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687

International Diabetes Federation (2015). IDF Diabetes Atlas. Seventh Edition

John, H. J. (1946). The planning of a camp for diabetic children. American Journal of Medicine, 1, 642-648.

Kakleas, K., Kandyla, B., Karayianni, C., & Karavanaki, K. (2009). Psychosocial problems in adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and Metabolism, 35, 339-350. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2009.05.002

Karlsson, A., Arman, M., & Wikbald, K. (2008). Teenagers with type 1 diabetes a phenomenological study of the transition towards autonomy in self-management. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, pp. 562-570. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.022

Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2009). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (4th ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Lerner, R. M., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., & Lerner, J. V. (2005). Positive youth development: A view of the issues. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 10-16. doi:10.1177/0272431604273211

Lerner, R. M., Bowers, E. P., Geldhof, G. J., Gestsdóttir, S., & DeSouza, L. (2012). Promoting positive youth development in the face contextual changes and challenges: The roles of individual strength and ecological assets. New Directions for Youth Development, 135, 119-128. doi:10.1002/yd.20034

Maslow, G. R., & Lobato, D. (2009). Diabetes summer camps: History, safety and outcomes. Pediatric Diabetes, 10, 278-288. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00467.x

McAuliffe-Fogarty, A. H., Ramsing, R., & Hill, E. (2007). Medical specialty camps for youth with diabetes. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 887-908. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.05.006

Nabhan, Z. M., Rardin, L., Meier, J. Eugste, E. A., & DiMeglio, L. A. (2006). Predictors of glycemic control on insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 74(3), 217-221. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.03.020

Northam, E. A., Matthews, L. K., Anderson, P. J., Cameron, F. J., & Werther, G. A. (2005). Psychiatric morbidity and health outcome in Type 1 diabetes–perspectives from a prospective longitudinal study. Diabetic Medicine, 22(2), 152-157. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01370.x

Peters, C. D., Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Heidgerken, A. D., & Silverstein, J. H. (2008). Victimization of youth with type-1 diabetes by teachers: relations with adherence and metabolic control. Journal of Child Health Care, 12(3), 209-220. doi:10.1177/1367493508092508

Petitpas, A., Cornelius, A., Van Raalte, J., & Jones, T. (2005). A framework for planning youth sport programs that foster psychosocial development. The Sport Psychologist, 19(1), 63-80. doi:10.1123/tsp.19.1.63

Riddell, M. C., & Milliken, J. (2011). Preventing exercise induced hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring and a new carbohydrate intake algorithm: An observational field study. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 13(8), 819-825. doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0052

Santiprabhob, J., Likitmaskul, S., Kiattisakthavee, P., Weerakulwattana, P., Chaichanwattanakul, K., Nakavachara, P., Peerapatdit, T. & Nitiyanant, W. (2008). Glycemic control and the psychological benefits gained by patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus attending the diabetes camp. Parent Education and Counseling, 73, 60-66. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.05.023

Spencer-Cavaliere, N. (2017). Inclusion in the Field(s) of Dreams? In Sport Canada Research Initiative Conference 2017 Knowledge Translation Papers. Retrieved from http://sirc.ca/sites/default/files/content/scri_2017_kt_papers.pdf

Strachan, L., & Davies, K. (2015). Click! Using photo elicitation to explore youth experiences and positive youth development in sport. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 7, 170–191. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2013.867410

Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. New York, NY: Routledge.

Thurber, C. A., Scanlin, M. M., Scheuler, L., & Henderson, K. A. (2007). Youth development outcomes of the camp experience: Evidence for multidimensional growth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 241-254. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9142-6

Turnnidge, J., Vierimaa, M., & Côté, J. (2012). An in-depth investigation of a model sport program for athletes with a physical disability. Psychology, 3(12A), 1131-1141. doi:10.4236/psych.2012.312A167

Ungar, M. (2009). Overprotective parenting: Helping parents provide children the right amount of risk and responsibility. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(3), 258-271. doi:10.1080/01926180802534247

Weiss, M. R., Stuntz, C. P., Bhalla, J. A., Bolter, N. D., & Price, M. S. (2013). ‘More than a game’: Impact of The First Tee life skills programme on positive youth development: Project introduction and Year 1 findings. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 5(2), 214-244. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2012.712997

Downloads

Published

2018-12-14

Issue

Section

Feature Articles