Character Development Through Youth Sport: High School Coaches’ Perspectives about a Character-based Education Program
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2015.13Abstract
This study examined high school sports coaches’ perspectives about a character-based coach education workshop designed to promote positive coaching practices and transform the culture of youth sports. Fifteen coaches (Mage = 42.07, SD = 14.62, 73.3% male) provided feedback about Positive Coaching Alliance’s (PCA) “Double-Goal Coach” training program and what aspects of the workshop they applied to their coaching practices. Results indicated that coaches believed that participation in PCA workshops contributed to the value coaches attributed to individuals, to coach-oriented character development, and to positive relationships within youth sports. The coaches also suggested changes in future PCA workshops. These findings provide preliminary evidence that coaches’ incorporate skills acquired through participation in character-based coach education programs. We discuss implications for coaches and athletes, and for policies aimed at enhancing positive youth attributes developed through sport.References
Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In P.A.M. Van Lange, A.W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume One (pp. 438-459). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Alberts, C. (2003). Coaching issues and dilemmas: Character building through sport participation. Reston, VA: NASPE Publications.
Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (Eds.). (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Berlin, R. A., Dworkin, A., Eames, N., Menconi, A., & Perkins, D. F. (2007). Examples of sports-based youth development programs. New directions for youth development, 115, 85-106.
Bowling, A. (2005). Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. Journal of Public Health, 27(3), 281-291.
Brustad, R.J., Babkes, M., & Smith, A. (2001). Youth in sport: Psychological considerations. In R.N. Singer, H.A. Hausenblas, & C.M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of spork psychology (2nd ed., pp. 604-635). New York, NY: Wiley.
Coakley, J. (2011). Youth sports: What counts as “positive development?” Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 35(3), 306-324.
Coté, J., Bruner, M., Erickson, K., Strachan, L., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Athlete development and coaching. In J. Lyle & C. Cushion (Eds.), Sports coaching: Professionalisation and practice (pp. 63–84). London, England: Churchill Livingston.
Cregan, K., Bloom, G.A., & Reid, G. (2007). Career evolution and knowledge of elite coaches of swimmers with a physical disability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(4), 339-350.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(9), 526-536.
Cushion, C.J., Armour, K.M., & Jones, R.L. (2003). Coach education and continuing professional development: Experience and learning to coach, Quest, 55(3), 215-230.
DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Marshall, P. L., & McCulloch, A. W. (2011). Developing and using a codebook for the analysis of interview data: An example from a professional development research project. Field Methods, 23, 136 – 155.
Doty, J. (2006). Sports build character?! Journal of College and Character, 7(3), 1-9.
Duda, J.L., & Balaguer, I. (2007). Coach-created motivational climate. In S. Jowett, & D. Lavalle (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 117-130). Chicago, IL: Human Kinetics Inc.
Erickson, K., Coté, J., Hollenstein, & Deakin, J. (2011). Examining coach-athlete interactions using state space grids: An observational analysis in competitive youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 645-654.
Falcao, W.R., Bloom, G.A., & Gilbert, W.D. (2012). Coaches’ perceptions of a coach training program designed to promote youth developmental outcomes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(4), 429-444.
Farmer, T., Robinson, K., Elliott, S.J., & Eyles, J. (2006). Developing and implementing a triangulation protocol for qualitative health research. Qualitative Health Research, 16(3), 377-394.
Farrey, T. (2009). Game on: How the pressure to win at all costs endangers youth sports, and what parents can do about it. ESPN.
Ferris, K.A., Hershberg, R.M., Su, S., & Lerner, R.L. (manuscript submitted for review). Character development among youth of color from low-SES backgrounds: An examination of Boy Scouts of America’s ScoutReach program.
Fraser-Thomas, J.L., Coté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Psychology, 10(1), 19-40.
Garcia-Calvo, T., Leo, F.M., Gonzalez-Ponce, I., Sanchez-Miguel, P.A., Mouratidis, A., & Ntoumanis, N. (2014). Perceived coach-created and peer-created motivational climates and their associations with team cohesion and athlete satisfaction: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Sport Sciences, 1-13.
Gwet, K. L. (2014). Handbook of inter-rater reliability: The definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters. Gaithersburg, MD: Advanced Analytics, LLC.
Holt, N.L., & Neely, K.C. (2011). Positive youth development through sport: A review. Revista iberoamericana de psicologia del ejercicio y el deporte, 6(2), 299-316.
Koh, K.T., Ong, S.W., & Camire, M. (2014). Implementation of a values training program in physical education and sport: Perspectives from teachers, coaches, students, and athletes. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 1-18.
Lerner, R.M., & Callina, K.S. (2014). Relational developmental systems theories and the ecological validity of experimental designs. Human Development, 56(6), 372-380.
Lerner, R.M., Lerner, J.V., Bowers, E., & Geldhof, G.J. (2015).Positive youth development and relational developmental systems. In W.F. Overton & P.C. Molenaar (Eds.), Theory and Method. Volume 1 of the Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science (7th ed.). (pp. 607-651) Editor-in-chief: R.M. Lerner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
MacDonald, D.J., Coté, J., Eys, M., Deakin, J. (2011). The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 25, 32-46.
Martinek, T., Schilling, T., & Johnson, D. (2001). Transferring personal and social responsibility of underserved youth to the classroom. The Urban Review, 33(1), 29-45.
National Sporting Goods Association. (2011). 2011 versus 2001 youth sports participation, NSGA. Retrieved from http://www.nsga.org/files/public/2011vs2001_youth_participation_ website. pdf
Overton, W.F. (2015). Process and relational developmental systems. In W.F. Overton & P.C. Molenaar (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. Vol. 1: Theory and method (7th ed., pp. 9–62). Editor-in-chief: R.M. Lerner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Pelletier, L.G., Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J., & Briere, N.M. (2001). Associations between perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 4, 279-306.
Rocca, K.A. (2010). Student participation in the college classroom: An extended multidisciplinary literature review. Communication Education, 59(2), 185-213.
Sabo, D., & Veliz, P. (2008). Go out and play: Youth sports in America. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation.
Scanlan, T.K., Babkes, M.L., & Scanlan, L.A. (2005). Participation in sport: A developmental glimpse at emotion. In J.L. Mahoney, R.W. Larson, & J.S. Eccles (Eds.), Organized activities as
contexts of development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Shields, D.L., Bredemeier, B.L., LaVoi, N.M., & Power, F.C.(2005). The sport behavior of youth, parents, and coaches: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Research in Character Education, 3(1), 43-59.
Thompson, J. (2010). Developing winners in sports and life: The power of double-goal coaching. Portola Valley, CA: Balance Sports Publishing, LLC.
U.S. Department of Edcuation. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: a meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/evidence-based-practices/finalreport.pdf.
Vest Ettekal, A., Agans, J.P., Burkhard, B.M., Syer, T., Lerner, R.M., Ferris, K.A., & Gansert, P.K. (2015). “Because that’s where the kids are”: Applying developmental science to understand the role of sport participation in positive youth development. Medford, MA: Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University (Unpublished manuscript).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.