Cultural Humility Training for Mentors: Lessons Learned and Implications for Youth Programs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2022.1186Keywords:
cultural humility, youth mentoring, mentor training, research-to-practice partnershipsAbstract
The current paper presents lessons learned from a research-to-practice partnership between mentoring program practitioners and researchers that focused on the development and implementation of a cultural humility training for volunteer mentors. Using multiple data sources (e.g., training materials, field notes, mentor surveys), we present a description of the research-to-practice partnership and the Culturally Smart Relationships pilot training content. We generate practice-oriented lessons to inform future cultural humility training work with staff and volunteers in youth programs. Our lessons reflect recommendations that emerged from five project phases: (a) organizational commitment to justice, equity, diversity, inclusion; (b) training curriculum and logistical planning; (c) “To Zoom, or not to Zoom''; (d) facilitation of the training; and (e) post-training and ongoing support. The pilot training content and lessons learned have implications for youth programs by elucidating training as one component of a broader approach for equity in youth developmental program practice.
References
Adams, M., Bell, L. A., & Griffin, P. (1997). Teaching for diversity and social justice: A sourcebook. Routledge.
Anderson, A. J. & Sánchez, B. (2022). A pilot evaluation of a social justice and race equity training for volunteer mentors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 69, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12541
Carter, E. R., Onyeador, I. N., & Lewis, N. A., Jr. (2020). Developing & delivering elective anti-bias training: Challenges & recommendations. Behavioral Science & Policy, 6(1), 57–70.
Coburn, C. E., Penuel, W. R., & Geil, K. (2013). Research-practice partnerships at the district level: A new strategy for leveraging research for educational improvement. William T. Grant Foundation.
Cserti, R. (2021, June). 34 useful free online tools for workshop planning and meeting facilitation. https://www.sessionlab.com/blog/online-tools-for-workshops/
D’Andrea, M., Daniels, J., & Heck, R. (1991). Evaluating the impact of multicultural counseling training. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70(1), 143–150.
Department of Inclusion & Multicultural Engagement, Lewis & Clark College. (2014). ABC’s of social justice: A glossary of working language for socially conscious conversation. https://college.lclark.edu/live/files/18474-abcs-of-social-justice
DuBois, D. L. (2020). Supporting volunteerism in youth development programs: Progress and prospects for advancing the knowledge base. Journal of Youth Development, 15(4), 206–216.
Duffy, J. (2020, April). How to prevent Zoom-bombing. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/how-to-prevent-zoom-bombing
Fisher-Borne, M., Cain, J. M., & Martin, S. L. (2015). From mastery to accountability: Cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competence. Social Work Education, 34(2), 165–181.
Foronda, C. (2020). A theory of cultural humility. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 31(1), 7–12.
Garringer, M., McQuillin, S., & McDaniel, H. (2017). Examining youth mentoring services across America: Findings from the 2016 National Mentoring Program Survey. MENTOR: National Mentoring Partnership.
Gutiérrez, V., Larson, R. W., Raffaelli, M., Fernandez, M., & Guzman, S. (2017). How staff of youth programs respond to culture-related incidents: Nonengagement versus going “full-right-in.” Journal of Adolescent Research, 32(1), 64–93.
Halgunseth, L. C., Witherspoon, D. P., & Wray‐Lake, L. (2022). Dismantling systems and improving contexts to support the development of BIPOC Youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 32(2), 386–397. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/jora.12773
Homan, D., Epley, H. K., & Bloir, K. L. (2020). Are volunteers competent in positive youth development? Perceptions from three stakeholder groups. Journal of Youth Development, 15(4), 68–86.
Jones, K., & Okun, T. (2001). “White supremacy culture.” Dismantling racism: A workbook for social change groups. https://www.dismantlingracism.org/uploads/4/3/5/7/43579015/okun_-_white_sup_culture.pdf
Kalinoski, Z. T., Steel-Johnson, D., Peyton, E. J., Leas, K. A., Steinke, J., & Bowling, N. A. (2013). A meta-analytic evaluation of diversity training outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 1076–1104. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1839
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. One World.
Kok, C. M., Espinoza, D. M., Worker, S. M., Go, C., & Miller, J. C. (2020). Identification of priority skill areas for volunteer professional development. Journal of Youth Development, 15(4), 51–67.
Kornbluh, M., Rogers, L. O., & Williams, J. L. (2021). Doing anti-racist scholarship with adolescents: Empirical examples and lessons learned. Journal of Adolescent Research, 36(5), 427–436.
Kulik, C. T., Pepper, M. B., Roberson, L., & Parker, S. K. (2007). The rich get richer: Predicting participation in voluntary diversity training. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28(6), 753–769.
Kupersmidt, J. B., & Rhodes, J. E. (2014). Mentor training. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (pp. 439–456). Sage.
Lanza-Gregory, J., Moskal, M., Kornbluh, M., & Flitner, A. (2021, June 22–26). Examining mentor pre-service biases and assessing readiness for culturally responsive mentorship. In A. Flitner (Chair), Challenging cultural biases within youth mentoring: Exploring how macro-level beliefs infiltrate interpersonal relationships [Symposium]. Society for Community Research and Action 18th Biennial Conference, virtual.
LSA Inclusive Teaching Initiative. (2017). Social identity wheel. https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/inclusive-teaching/social-identity-wheel/
McBeath, B., Mosley, J., Hopkins, K., Guerrero, E., Austin, M., & Tropman, J. (2019). Building knowledge to support human service organizational and management practice: An agenda to address the research-to-practice gap. Social Work Research, 43(2), 115–128.
MENTOR (2015) Elements of effective practice for mentoring (4th ed). National Mentoring Partnership.
Nailah, A. & DiAngelo, R. (2013). Silence breakers for whites in cross-racial discussions. https://robindiangelo.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Silence-Breakers-for- whites.pdf
Oetting, E. R., Donnermeyer, J. F., Plested, B. A., Edwards, R. W., Kelly, K., & Beauvais, F. (1995). Assessing community readiness for prevention. The International Journal of the Addictions, 30(6), 659–683.
Outley, C. W., & Blyth, D. A. (2020). Race, antiracism, and youth development: From awareness to sustained action. Journal of Youth Development, 15(5), 1–15.
Peifer, J. S., Lawrence, E. C., Williams, J. L., & Leyton-Armakan, J. (2016). The culture of mentoring: Ethnocultural empathy and ethnic identity in mentoring for minority girls. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(3), 440–446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000078
Rhodes, J. E. (2005). A model of youth mentoring. In D.L. DuBois & M.J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (pp. 30–43). Sage.
Roberson, L., Kulik, C. T., & Pepper, M. B. (2009). Individual and environmental factors influencing the use of transfer strategies after diversity training. Group & Organization Management, 34(1), 67–89.
Sánchez, B. (2017, August). 10 healthy strategies youth can use to cope with racial discrimination. https://www.evidencebasedmentoring.org/10-healthy-strategies-youth-can-use-to-cope-with-racial-discrimination/
Sánchez, B., Anderson, A. J., Weiston-Serdan, T., & Catlett, B. S. (2021). Anti-racism education and training for adult mentors who work with BIPOC adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584211043288
Sánchez, B., Colon-Torres, Y., Feuer, R., Roundfield, K. E., & Luciano, B. (2014). Race, ethnicity, & culture in mentoring relationships. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (pp. 145–158). Sage.
Sánchez, B., Pryce, J., Silverthorn, N., Deane, K. L., & DuBois, D. L. (2019). Do mentor support for ethnic–racial identity and mentee cultural mistrust matter for girls of color? A preliminary investigation. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(4), 505.
Spencer, R. (2007). “It's not what I expected” A qualitative study of youth mentoring relationship failures. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(4), 331–354.
Spencer, R., McCormack, M. J., Drew, A. L., Gowdy, G., & Keller, T. E. (2022). (Not) minding the gap: A qualitative interview study of how social class bias can influence youth mentoring relationships. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(3), 1579–1596.
Tervalon, M., & Murray-García, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125.
Thomas, D., & Horowitz, J. M. (2020, September). Support for Black Lives Matter has decreased since June but remains strong among black Americans. Pew Research. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/16/support-for-black-lives-matter-has-decreased-since-june-but-remains-strong-among-black-americans/
University of Southern California (2021). Diversity toolkit: A guide to discussing identity, power, and privilege. https://msw.usc.edu/mswusc-blog/diversity-workshop-guide-to-discussing-identity-power-and-privilege/
Weinberg, S.G. (2014). Developing a mentoring program. In D. L. DuBois & M. J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (pp. 220–234). Sage.
Weiston-Serdan, T. (2017). Critical mentoring: A practical guide. Stylus Publishing, LLC.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.