Civic Engagement Among Youth Exposed to Community Violence: Directions for Research and Practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.596Keywords:
assets-based, civic engagement, community violence, resilience, urban youth, youth developmentAbstract
Historically and contemporarily marginalized youth who are disproportionately exposed to community violence are often the same youth who are less likely to be civically engaged. However, the community violence and civic engagement literatures have not yet fully explored how these experiences may be linked in young people’s lives and in relation to what other forces. Using developmental assets and ecological-transactional frameworks, we review the emerging literature on civic engagement among youth exposed to community violence and how external developmental assets and neighborhood collective efficacy may create opportunity for their increased civic engagement. We present numerous conceptually- and empirically-based hypotheses to further examine the intersections between exposure to community violence and youth civic engagement. Ultimately, we identify opportunities for intervention.
References
Aber, J. L., Gephart, M. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Connell, J. P. (2000). Development in context: Implications for studying neighborhood effects. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Context and consequences for children (pp. 44–61). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Amnå, E. (2012). How is civic engagement developed over time? Emerging answers from a multidisciplinary field. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 611–627. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.011
Balsano, A. B. (2005). Youth civic engagement in the United States: Understanding and addressing the impact of social impediments on positive youth and community development. Applied Developmental Science, 9(4), 188–201. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0904_2
Becker, S. (2013). An intersectional analysis of differential opportunity structures for community-based anticrime efforts. Race and Justice, 3(1), 31-57. doi:10.1177/2153368712462409
Benson, P. L. (2002). Adolescent development in social and community context: A program of research. New Directions for Youth Development, 2002(95), 123-148. doi:10.1002/yd.19
Benson, P. L. (2007). Developmental assets: An overview of theory, research, and practice. In R. K. Silbereisen & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Approaches to positive youth development (pp. 33-58). London, UK: Sage.
Beyerlein, K., Trinitapoli, J., & Adler, G. (2011). The effect of religious short-term mission trips on youth civic engagement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(4), 780–795. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01607.x
Black Lives Matter. (2018). Black Lives Matter | About. Retrieved 31 October, 2018 from https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention & Treatment, 5(1), Article ID 15. doi:10.1037//1522-3736.5.1.515a
Checkoway, B., & Aldana, A. (2013). Four forms of youth civic engagement for diverse democracy. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(11), 1894-1899. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.09.005
Chen, W. Y., Propp, J., & Lee, Y. (2015). Connection between adolescent’s exposure to community violence and future civic engagement behaviors during their young adulthood. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(1), 45-55.
Christens, B. D., & Kirshner, B. (2011). Taking stock of youth organizing: An interdisciplinary perspective. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(134), 27–41. doi:10.1002/cd.309
Chung, H. L., & Probert, S. (2011). Civic engagement in relation to outcome expectations among African American young adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 227–234. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.02.009
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children’s development. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 56, 96-118. doi:10.1080/00332747.1993.11024624
The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement. (2012). Pathways into leadership: A study of YouthBuild graduates. Medford, MA.
The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement) (2018). Why youth don’t vote – Differences by race and education. Available online at: https://civicyouth.org/why-youth-dont-vote-differences-by-race-and-education/?cat_id=6 (accessed 11 October 2018).
Cohen, A. K., & Chaffee, B. W. (2013). The relationship between adolescents' civic knowledge, civic attitude, and civic behavior and their self-reported future likelihood of voting. Education, Citizenship, and Social Justice, 8(1), 43–57. doi:10.1177/1746197912456339
Colletta, N. J., and Cullen, M. L. (2000). Violent conflict and the transformation of social capital. Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Compas, B. E., Hinden, B. R., & Gerhardt, C. A. (1995). Adolescent development: Pathways and processes of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 265–293. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001405
Conner, J. O. (2011). Youth organizers as young adults: Their commitments and contributions. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(4), 923–942. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00766.x
Crocetti, E., Jahromi, P., & Meeus, W. (2012). Identity and civic engagement in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 521–532. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.08.003
Dohrn, B., & Ayers, W. (2016). Young, gifted, and Black: Black lives matter. In J. Conner & S. M. Rosen (Eds.), Contemporary youth activism. Advancing social justice in the United States (pp. 79-92). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Duke, N. N., Skay, C. L., Pettingell, S. L., & Borowsky, I. W. (2009). From adolescent connections to social capital: Predictors of civic engagement in young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(2), 161-168. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.007
Eccles, J., & Gootman, J. A. (Eds.) (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchanan, C. M., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., & Mac Iver, D. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents' experiences in schools and in families. American psychologist, 48(2), 90-101.
Eckstein, K., Noack, P., & Gniewosz, B. (2012). Attitudes toward political engagement and willingness to participate in politics: Trajectories throughout adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 485–495. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.002
Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2013). Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(1), 70-75. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.420
Fitzgerald, J. C. (2016). Pre-planning civic action: An analysis of civic leaders’ problem solving strategies. Journal of International Social Studies, 6(2), 58-83. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12103
Flanagan, C., & Levine, P. (2010). Civic engagement and the transition to adulthood. The Future of Children, 20(1), 159–179.
Friedson, M., & Sharkey, P. (2015). Violence and neighborhood disadvantage after the crime decline. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), 341-35. doi:10.1177/0002716215579825
Geller, A. (2017). Policing America’s children: Police contact and consequences among teens in Fragile Families. Fragile Families Working Paper WP18-02-FF. Retrieved from https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-02-ff.pdf
Geller, A., Fagan, J., Tyler, T., & Link, B. G. (2014). Aggressive policing and the mental health of young urban men. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2321-2327. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046
Ginwright, S. A. (2007). Black youth activism and the role of critical social capital in black community organizations. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(3), 403–418.
Ginwright, S. A. (2010). Peace out to revolution! Activism among African American youth: An argument for radical healing. Young, 18(1), 77–96. doi:10.1177/110330880901800106
Ginwright, S., & Cammarota, J. (2007). Youth activism in the urban community: Learning critical civic praxis within community organizations. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 20(6), 693–710. doi:10.1080/09518390701630833
Godsay, S., Kawashima-Ginsberg, K., Kiesa, A., & Levine, P. (2012). That’s not democracy: How out-of-school youth engage in civic life and what stands in their way. Medford, MA: The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.
Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 439–449. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_2
Hammack, P. L., Richards, M. H., Luo, Z., Edlynn, E. S., & Roy, K. (2004). Social support factors as moderators of community violence exposure among inner-city African American young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 450–462. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_3
Harden, T., Kenemore, T., Mann, K., Edwards, M., List, C., & Martinson, K. J. (2015). The truth n’trauma project: Addressing community violence through a youth-led, trauma-informed and restorative framework. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(1), 65-79. doi:10.1007/s10560-014-0366-0
Herrera, C., DuBois, D. L., & Grossman, J. B. (2013). The role of risk: Mentoring experiences and outcomes for youth with varying risk profiles. New York, NY: A Public/Private Ventures project distributed by MDRC.
Hope, E. C., & Jagers, R. J. (2014). The role of sociopolitical attitudes and civic education in the civic engagement of black youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 460-470. doi:10.1111/jora.12117
Hope, E. C., & Spencer, M. B. (2017). Civic engagement as an adaptive coping response to conditions of inequality: An application of phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST). In N. J. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth (pp. 421-435). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
Hooven, C., Nurius, P. S., Logan-Greene, P., & Thompson, E. A. (2012). Childhood violence exposure: Cumulative and specific effects on adult mental health. Journal of Family Violence, 27(6), 511-522. doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9438-0
Jain, S., Buka, S. L., Subramanian, S. V., & Molnar, B. E. (2010). Neighborhood predictors of dating violence victimization and perpetration in young adulthood: A multilevel study. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1737–1744. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169730
Jain, S., Buka, S. L., Subramanian, S. V., & Molnar, B. E. (2012). Protective factors for youth exposed to violence: Role of developmental assets for building emotional resilience. Journal of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10(1), 107-129. doi:10.1177/1541204011424735
Jain, S., & Cohen, A. K. (2013). Behavioral adjustment among youth exposed to community violence: A longitudinal multidisciplinary study of family, peer and neighborhood-level protective factors. Prevention Science, 14(6), 606-617. doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0344-8.
Johnson, L. T., & Kane, R. J. (2018). Deserts of disadvantage: the diffuse effects of structural disadvantage on violence in urban communities. Crime & Delinquency, 64(2), 143-165. doi:10.1177/0011128716682228
Jones, N., (2014). “The regular routine”: Proactive policing and adolescent development among young, poor Black men. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2014(143), 33-54. doi:10.1002/cad.20053
Kahne, J., Hodgin, E., & Eidman‐Aadahl, E. (2016). Redesigning civic education for the digital age: Participatory politics and the pursuit of democratic engagement. Theory & Research in Social Education, 44(1), 1-35. doi:10.1080/00933104.2015.1132646
Kennedy, A. C. (2007). An ecological approach to examining cumulative violence exposure among urban, African American adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25(1), 25–41. doi:10.1007/s10560-007-0110-0
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1083-1088.
Larson, R. W. & Angus, R. M. (2011). Adolescents’ development of skills for agency in youth programs: Learning to think strategically. Child Development, 82(1), 277-294. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01555.x
Lee, M. R., & Thomas, S. A. (2010). Civic community, population change, and violent crime in rural communities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47(1), 118–147.
Legewie, J., & Fagan, J. (2018). Aggressive policing and the educational performance of minority youth. doi:10.31235/osf.io/rdchf
Lerner, R. M. (2004). Liberty: Thriving and civic engagement among America’s youth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lerner, R. M., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., & Lerner, J. V. (2005). Positive youth development a view of the issues. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 10-16. doi:10.1177/0272431604273211
Lerner, R. M., & Lerner, J. V. (2011). The positive development of youth: Report of the findings from the first seven years of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Medford, MA: Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University.
Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). Children and youth in neighborhood contexts. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(1), 27-31. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01216
Levine, P. (2015). We are the ones we have been waiting for. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Levinson, M. (2012). No citizen left behind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Littenberg‐Tobias, J., & Cohen, A. K. (2016). Diverging paths: Understanding racial differences in civic engagement among White, African American, and Latina/o adolescents using structural equation modeling. American Journal of Community Psychology, 57(1-2), 102-117. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12027
Luthar, S. S. (Ed.). (2003). Resilience and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
McBride, A. M., Sherraden, M. S., & Pritzker, S. (2006). Civic engagement among low-income and low-wealth families: In their words. Family Relations, 55(2), 152-162. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00366.x
McLeigh, J. D., Melton, G. B., Kimbrough-Melton, R., & Wallace, N. (2015). How can Strong Communities transform community norms and structures to promote children’s safety and well-being? [White paper.} Retrieved June 30, 2017 from Upbring: https://www.upbring.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/white-paper-strong-communities.pdf.
Miao, T.-A., Umemoto, K., Gonda, D., & Hishinuma, E. S. (2011). Essential elements for community engagement in evidence-based youth violence prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(1-2), 120–132. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9418-6
Morello-Frosch, R., Brown, P., Lyson, M., Cohen, A., & Krupa, K. (2011). Community voice, vision, and resilience in post-hurricane Katrina recovery. Environmental Justice, 4(1), 71–80. doi:10.1089/env.2010.0029
Murphey, D. A., Lamonda, K. H., Carney, J. K., & Duncan, P. (2004). Relationships of a brief measure of youth assets to health-promoting and risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(3), 184–191. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.05.004
Obradović, J., & Masten, A. S. (2007). Developmental antecedents of young adult civic engagement. Applied Developmental Science, 11(1), 2-19. doi:10.1080/10888690709336720
Osofsky, J. D. (1995). The effect of exposure to violence on young children. American Psychologist, 50(9), 782. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.782
Parker, W. C. (2010). Listening to strangers: Classroom discussion in democratic education. Teachers College Record, 112(11), 2815-2832.
Pasque, P.A. (2008). Bridging civic engagement and mental health: Proceedings from the National Symposium for Civic Engagement and Mental Health. Washington DC: Charles Engelhard Foundation and Association of American Colleges and Universities.
Pearce, M. J., Jones, S. M., Schwab-Stone, M. E., & Ruchkin, V. (2003). The protective effects of religiousness and parent involvement on the development of conduct problems among youth exposed to violence. Child Development, 74(6), 1682–1696.
Pope, A., Cohen, A. K., Duarte, C. Making civic engagement go viral: Applying social epidemiology principles to civic education. Journal of Public Affairs. 2018; Epub ahead of print, e1857. doi:10.1002/pa.1857
Pope, A., Stolte, L., & Cohen, A. K. (2011). Closing the civic engagement gap: The potential of action civics. Social Education, 75(5), 267–270.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Richards, M., Romero, E., Deane, K., Carey, D., Zakaryan, A., Quimby, D., . . . & Patel, N. (2016). Civic engagement curriculum: A strengths-based intervention serving African American youth in a context of toxic stress. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 9(1), 81-93. doi:10.1007/s40653-015-0062-z
Rogers, J., Mediratta, K., & Shah, S. (2012). Building power, learning democracy: Youth organizing as a site of civic development. Review of Research in Education, 36(1), 43–66.
Roy, K. M., Tubbs, C. Y., & Burton, L. M. (2004). Don’t have no time: Daily rhythms and the organization of time for low-income families. Family Relations, 53(2), 168-178. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00007.x
Rubin, B. C., Hayes, B., & Benson, K. (2009). “It's the worst place to live”: Urban youth and the challenge of school-based civic learning. Theory Into Practice, 48(3), 213–221. doi:10.1080/00405840902997436
Rubin, B. C., & Hayes, B. (2010). "No Backpacks" versus "Drugs and Murder": The promise and complexity of youth civic action research. Harvard Educational Review, 80(3), 352-379. doi:10.17763/haer.80.3.p709264772m6186g
Ruck, M. D., Keating, D. P., Saewyc, E. M., Earls, F., & Ben-Arieh, A. (2016). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Its relevance for adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 16-29. doi:10.1111/jora.12172
Sampson, R. J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sampson, R. J., McAdam, D., MacIndoe, H., & Weffer Elizondo, S. (2005). Civil society reconsidered: The durable nature and community structure of collective civic action. American Journal of Sociology, 111(3), 673–714. doi:10.1086/497351
Sanchez, Y. M., Lambert, S. F., & Cooley-Strickland, M. (2013). Adverse life events, coping and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in urban African American youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(1), 38-47. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9590-4
Scales, P. C., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Shramko, M. (2017). Aligning youth development theory, measurement, and practice across cultures and contexts: Lessons from use of the Developmental Assets Profile. Child Indicators Research, 10(4), 1145-1178. doi:10.1007/s12187-016-9395-x
Šerek, J., Lacinová, L, Macek, P. (2013). Does family experience influence political beliefs? Relation between interparental conflict perceptions and political efficacy in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 35(3), 577-586. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.001
Sherrod, L. (2007). Civic engagement as an expression of positive youth development. In R. Silbereisen, & R. Lerner (Eds.), Approaches to positive youth development. London: Sage.
Sirianni, C. (2009). Investing in democracy: Engaging in citizens in collaborative governance. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Spencer, M. B. (2008). Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: Development of diverse groups. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.) Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 829-893). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Spring, K., Dietz, N., & Grimm, R. J. (2007). Leveling the path to participation: Volunteering and civic engagement among youth from disadvantaged circumstances. Washington, DC: Corporation for National and Community Service.
Spring, K., Grimm, R. J., & Dietz, N. (2008). Community Service and Service-Learning in America's Schools. Washington, DC: Corporation for National and Community Service.
Stewart, A. J., & McDermott, C. (2004). Civic engagement, political identity, and generation in developmental context. Research in Human Development, 1(3), 189–203. doi:10.1207/s15427617rhd0103_4
Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122–138. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vieno, A., Nation, M., Perkins, D. D., & Santinello, M. (2007). Civic participation and the development of adolescent behavior problems. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(6), 761–777. doi:10.1002/jcop.20177
Wade, R., Jr., Shea, J. A., Rubin, D., & Wood, J. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences of low-income urban youth. Pediatrics, 134(1), e13-e20.
Webster, D. W., Whitehill, J. M., Vernick, J. S., & Curriero, F. C. (2013). Effects of Baltimore’s Safe Streets Program on gun violence: A replication of Chicago’s CeaseFire Program. Journal of Urban Health, 90(1), 27-40.
Waid, L. D., & Frazier, L. D. (2003). Cultural differences in possible selves during later life. Journal of Aging Studies, 17(3), 251-268. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(03)00031-8
Wood, D., Larson, R. W., & Brown, J. (2009). How adolescents come to see themselves as more responsible through participation in youth programs. Child Development, 80(1), 295-309. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01260.x
Zaff, J., Boyd, M., Li, Y., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2010). Active and engaged citizenship: Multi-group and longitudinal factorial analysis of an integrated construct of civic engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(7), 736-750. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9541-6
Zaff, J. F., Kawashima-Ginsberg, K., & Lin, E. S. (2011). Advances in civic engagement research: issues of civic measures and civic context. Advances in Child Development & Behavior, 41, 273-308. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386492-5.00011-7
Zeldin, S. (2004). Preventing youth violence through the promotion of community engagement and membership. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(5), 623–641. doi:10.1002/jcop.20023
Zimmerman, G. M., & Messner, S. F. (2013). Individual, family background, and contextual explanations of racial and ethnic disparities in youths' exposure to violence. American Journal of Public Health, 103(3), 435–442. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300931
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.
