Identification of Priority Skill Areas for Volunteer Professional Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.876Keywords:
volunteer skill development, volunteer professional developmentAbstract
Youth development programs often rely on volunteers to deliver programming to young people. Our study explored the skills and competencies volunteers self-identified as important for their roles. We analyzed qualitative responses to 2 open-ended questions asking University of California 4-H volunteers to identify priority skills to aid in their volunteer development. Using inductive thematic analysis, we developed a coding scheme to analyze 1,144 responses. Participants reported the need for professional development in content-specific areas, program management basics, and child development. Volunteers also reported desiring training in educational practices, organizational skills, specific volunteer roles, and communication skills. The modalities through which volunteers were willing to develop these skills were peer-to-peer learning; online, in-person, classes and conferences; and continuous education. Given the importance of adult volunteers to youth development programs, it is essential that volunteers’ professional and skill development be supported by both effective and preferred approaches.
References
Arnold, M. E., Dolene, B. J., & Rennekamp, R. A. (2009). An assessment of 4-H volunteer experience: Implications for building positive youth development capacity. Journal of Extension, 47(5). https://joe.org/joe/2009october/a7.php
Barker, W. A., & O’Brien, D. (2001). Project leaders’ and volunteers’ competencies of Kansas top eight 4 H programs. Journal of Extension, 39(6). https://www.joe.org/joe/2001december/rb6.php
Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Hamilton, S. F., & Sesma, A., Jr. (2006). Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 894-941). John Wiley & Sons.
Borden, L. M., Schlomer, G. L., & Wiggs, C. B. (2011). The evolving role of youth workers. Journal of Youth Development, 6(3), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2011.179
Braker, M. J., Leno, J. R., Pratt, C. C., & Grobe, D. (2000). Oregon extension volunteers: Partners in action. Journal of Extension, 38(2). https://www.joe.org/joe/2000april/rb3.php
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. L. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). SAGE
Culp, K., McKee, R. K., & Nestor, P. (2006). Volunteer research and knowledge competency: Taxonomy for 4-H youth development. National 4-H Headquarters. https://4-h.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/VRKC.pdf
Culp, K., McKee, R. K., Nestor, P. (2007). Identifying volunteer core competencies: Regional differences. Journal of Extension, 45(6). https://joe.org/joe/2007december/a3.php
Harp, E. R., Scherer, L. L., & Allen, J. A. (2017). Volunteer engagement and retention: Their relationship to community service self-efficacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 46(2), 442-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764016651335
Hoover, T., & Connor, N. J. (2001). Preferred learning styles of Florida association for family and community education volunteers: Implications for professional development. Journal of Extension, 39(3), 1-8. https://www.joe.org/joe/2001june/a3.php
Hunzicker, J. (2011). Effective professional development for teachers: A checklist. Professional Development in Education, 37(2), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2010.523955
Jorgenson, O., & Vanosdall, R. (2002). The death of science? What we risk in our rush toward standardized testing and the three R’s. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(8), 601-605. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170208300808
Junge, S., George, J., Humphrey, S., McAllister, T., DeLasaux, M., Conklin-Ginop, E. (1999). Measuring the effectiveness of University of California Cooperative Extension’s North Region 4 H club program: A survey of 4-H volunteer leaders. University of California Cooperative Extension.
Kaslon, L., Lodl, K., & Greve, V. (2005). Online leader training for 4-H volunteers: A case study of action research. Journal of Extension, 43(2). https://www.joe.org/joe/2005april/a4.php
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Almerigi, J., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S., Naudeau, S., Jelicic, H., Alberts, A. E., Ma, L., Smith, L. M., Bobek, D. L., Richman-Raphael, D., Simpson, I., Christiansen, E. D., & von Eye, A. (2005). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 17-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431604272461
Li, J., & Julian, M. M. (2012). Developmental relationships as the active ingredient: A unifying working hypothesis of “what works” across intervention settings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01151.x
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. National Academy Press.
Pozzoboni, K. M., & Kirshner, B. (Eds.) (2016). The changing landscape of youth work: Theory and practice for an evolving field. Information Age.
Radhakrishna, R., & Ewing, J. C. (2011). Relationships between 4-H volunteer leader competencies and skills youth learn in 4-H programs. Journal of Extension, 49(4), 1-9. https://www.joe.org/joe/2011august/rb2.php
Schmitt-McQuitty, L., Worker, S. M., & Smith, M. H. (2019). Lesson study model of 4-H professional development: Data-driven improvements to educator practice. Journal of Youth Development, 14(1), 131-154. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2019.693
Senyurekli, A., Dworkin, J., & Dickinson, J. (2006). On-line professional development for Extension educators. Journal of Extension, 44(3). https://joe.org/joe/2006june/rb1.php
Singletary, L., Smith, M., & Evans, W. P. (2006). Self-perceived 4-H leader competencies and their relation to the skills youth learn through 4-H youth development programs. Journal of Extension, 44(4). https://joe.org/joe/2006august/rb2.php
Smith, M. (2013). Findings show lesson study can be an effective model for professional development of 4-H volunteers. California Agriculture, 67(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n01p54
Smith, M., Meehan, C. L., Enfield, R., George, J. L., Young, J. C. (2004). Improving county-based science programs: Bringing out the science teacher in your volunteer leaders. Journal of Extension, 42(6). https://www.joe.org/joe/2004december/a5.php
Smith, M. H., & Schmitt-McQuitty, L. (2013). More effective professional development can help 4-H volunteers address need for youth scientific literacy. California Agriculture, 67(1), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n01p47
Smith, M., Worker, S. M., Schmitt-McQuitty, L., Meehan, C. L., Lewis, K. M., Schoenfelder, E., & Brian, K. (2017). Prevalent approaches to professional development in state 4-H programs. Journal of Extension, 55(4). https://joe.org/joe/2017august/rb2.php
Stukas, A. A., Daly, M., & Clary, E .G. (2006). Lessons from research on volunteering for mobilizing adults to volunteer for positive youth development. In E. G. Clary & J. E. Rhodes (Eds.), Mobilizing adults for positive youth development: Strategies for closing the gap between beliefs and behaviors (pp. 65-82). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29340-X_4
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2016). 4-H implementation: The working relationship. (Fact Sheet). National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/4-H%20Implementation.pdf
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2018). 4-H reports: National 4-H enrollment. Research, Education, & Economics Information System. https://reeis.usda.gov/reports-and-documents/4-h-reports
VanWinkle, R., Busler, S., Bowman, S. R., & Mannogian, M. (2002). Adult volunteer development: Addressing the effectiveness of training new 4-H leaders. Journal of Extension, 40(6). https://www.joe.org/joe/2002december/a4.php
White, A. J., & Scanga, L. H. (2019). Volunteer research and knowledge competency codebook: A tool for identifying volunteer needs. Journal of Extension, 57(1). https://www.joe.org/joe/2019february/tt3.php
White, D. J., & Arnold, M. E. (2003). Why they come, why they go, and why they stay: Factors affecting volunteerism in 4-H programs. Journal of Extension, 41(4). https://www.joe.org/joe/2003august/rb5.php
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.